I microbi sconosciuti possono essere un segnale di allarme precoce di un punto di non ritorno climatico

Si trovano nei laghi e nei fiumi di tutto il mondo, creature unicellulari come queste Paramecium bursaria Può sia mangiare che fotosintetizzare. Microbi come questi svolgono un duplice ruolo nel cambiamento climatico, rilasciando o assorbendo anidride carbonica – il gas serra che intrappola il calore che è il motore principale del riscaldamento – a seconda che adottino uno stile di vita animale o vegetale. Credito: Daniel J. Wieczynski, Duke University

L’aumento dei livelli di calore potrebbe spingere il plancton oceanico e altri organismi unicellulari verso la soglia del carbonio, il che potrebbe esacerbare il riscaldamento globale. Tuttavia, studi recenti suggeriscono che potrebbe essere possibile identificare i primi segnali di allarme prima che questi organismi raggiungano quel punto critico.

Un gruppo di scienziati che conduce ricerche su una classe di microbi diffusa, ma spesso trascurata, ha scoperto un ciclo di feedback climatico che potrebbe aumentare il riscaldamento globale. Tuttavia, questa scoperta ha un lato positivo: potrebbe anche essere un segnale di allerta precoce.

Utilizzando simulazioni al computer, i ricercatori della Duke University e dell’Università della California, Santa Barbara, hanno dimostrato che la stragrande maggioranza del plancton oceanico globale, insieme a molti organismi unicellulari che popolano laghi, torbiere e altri ecosistemi, potrebbe raggiungere un livello di ribaltamento punto. Qui, invece di assorbire anidride carbonica, iniziano a fare il contrario. Questo cambiamento è il risultato del modo in cui il tuo metabolismo risponde al riscaldamento.

Poiché l’anidride carbonica è un gas serra, questo a sua volta può far aumentare le temperature, un ciclo di feedback positivo che può portare a rapidi cambiamenti, dove piccole quantità di riscaldamento hanno un grande impatto.

Ma monitorando attentamente la loro abbondanza, potremmo essere in grado di anticipare il punto critico prima che arrivi qui, riferiscono i ricercatori in uno studio pubblicato il 1 giugno sulla rivista Nature. ecologia funzionale.

Nel nuovo studio, i ricercatori si sono concentrati su un gruppo di microrganismi chiamati mixotrofi, così chiamati perché mescolano due modalità di metabolismo: possono fotosintetizzare come una pianta o cacciare il cibo come un animale, a seconda delle condizioni.

“Sono come[{” attribute=””>Venus fly traps of the microbial world,” said first author Daniel Wieczynski, a postdoctoral associate at Duke.

During photosynthesis, they soak up carbon dioxide, a heat-trapping greenhouse gas. And when they eat, they release carbon dioxide. These versatile organisms aren’t considered in most models of global warming, yet they play an important role in regulating climate, said senior author Jean P. Gibert of Duke.

Most of the plankton in the ocean — things like diatoms, dinoflagellates — are mixotrophs. They’re also common in lakes, peatlands, in damp soils, and beneath fallen leaves.

“If you were to go to the nearest pond or lake and scoop a cup of water and put it under a microscope, you’d likely find thousands or even millions of mixotrophic microbes swimming around,” Wieczynski said.

“Because mixotrophs can both capture and emit carbon dioxide, they’re like ‘switches’ that could either help reduce climate change or make it worse,” said co-author Holly Moeller, an assistant professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

To understand how these impacts might scale up, the researchers developed a mathematical model to predict how mixotrophs might shift between different modes of metabolism as the climate continues to warm.

The researchers ran their models using a 4-degree span of temperatures, from 19 to 23 degrees Celsius (66-73 degrees Fahrenheit). Global temperatures are likely to surge 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels within the next five years, and are on pace to breach 2 to 4 degrees before the end of this century.

The analysis showed that the warmer it gets, the more mixotrophs rely on eating food rather than making their own via photosynthesis. As they do, they shift the balance between carbon in and carbon out.

The models suggest that, eventually, we could see these microbes reach a tipping point — a threshold beyond which they suddenly flip from carbon sink to carbon source, having a net warming effect instead of a cooling one.

This tipping point is hard to undo. Once they cross that threshold, it would take significant cooling — more than one degree Celsius — to restore their cooling effects, the findings suggest.

But it’s not all bad news, the researchers said. Their results also suggest that it may be possible to spot these shifts in advance, if we watch out for changes in mixotroph abundance over time.

“Right before a tipping point, their abundances suddenly start to fluctuate wildly,” Wieczynski said. “If you went out in nature and you saw a sudden change from relatively steady abundances to rapid fluctuations, you would know it’s coming.”

Whether the early warning signal is detectable, however, may depend on another key factor revealed by the study: nutrient pollution.

Discharges from wastewater treatment facilities and runoff from farms and lawns laced with chemical fertilizers and animal waste can send nutrients like nitrate and phosphate into lakes and streams and coastal waters.

When Wieczynski and his colleagues included higher amounts of such nutrients in their models, they found that the range of temperatures over which the telltale fluctuations occur starts to shrink until eventually the signal disappears and the tipping point arrives with no apparent warning.

The predictions of the model still need to be verified with real-world observations, but they “highlight the value of investing in early detection,” Moeller said.

“Tipping points can be short-lived, and thus hard to catch,” Gibert said. “This paper provides us with a search image, something to look out for, and makes those tipping points — as fleeting as they may be — more likely to be found.”

Reference: “Mixotrophic microbes create carbon tipping points under warming” by Daniel J. Wieczynski, Holly V. Moeller and Jean P. Gibert, 31 May 2023, Functional Ecology.
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14350

The study was funded by the Simons Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy.